SEMA3D and syndromic intellectual disability: Furthermore, heterozygous de novo mutations in BCL11A are associated with an intellectual disability syndrome involving delayed speech and language, and haploinsufficiency for Bcl11a in mice also resulted in postnatal upregulation of class III semaphorins in the cortex (Sema3d) and hippocampus (Sema3e) (Dias et al. 2016).