TMEM97 and neoplasm: In particular,inhibition of the σ1R or induction of the σ2R activities seems to lead to tumor growth inhibition.69 Specifically, it has been observed that σ1R negative modulators cause a caspase-dependent inductionof apoptosis, whereas σ2R positive modulators mediatea caspase-independent induction of programmed cell death,70−72 even though this aspect could not be considered as a rule of thumbbecause of some exceptions.