SMAD3 and urinary bladder cancer: In other studies, Tong et al. have found autophagy can regulate epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) through TGF‐β1/Smad3 in bladder cancer cells54; Zheng et al. have found autophagy is an important mediator of migration in SKOV3 cells55; Zhan et al. have found autophagy can facilitate the migration of lung cancer cells.56