Although the incretin system potentiators, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, are associated with a neutral or increased risk of developing heart failure in the clinic, new-generation incretin system mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists) have demonstrated favourable cardiovascular outcomes with a good safety profile [30,31]. Here, DPP4 is linked to heart failure.