TNF and Insulin resistance: Inflammatory markers, including interleukin-18(IL-18), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are often elevated in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, and may be early indicators of the risk of developing insulin resistance and cardiovascular system diseases, and may be useful prognostic and therapeutic tools for monitoring patients with PCOS [35–37].