Animals showed higher levels of brain parenchymal β-amyloid depositions and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, enhanced amy-loidogenic APP metabolism, augmented reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) as early as at 7–9 months of age. Here, TNF is linked to cerebral amyloid angiopathy.