Finally, the Bologna allele was detected in heterozygosity with the M1 allele in two unrelated subjects (Table 1, probands 4.1 and 5.1): (i) a 74-year-old woman, non-smoker, living in Southern Italy, reporting chronic bronchitis and emphysema, with 0.95 g/L AAT in plasma; and (ii) a 58-year-old woman, born in Ukraine, non-smoker, with no lung impairment but reporting features of hepatitis, with 0.86 g/L AAT in her plasma. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINA1 and pulmonary emphysema.