NPPB and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the multivariable analysis, age, male gender, coronary heart disease, thyroid diseases, prior ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, diabetes, heart failure chronic kidney disease, obesity (BMI > 30), and an NT-proBNP level above the reference range (>125 ng/mL) were independent risk factors for AF (Table 2).