CD86 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: To assess whether the increase in BCR signaling found in naïve B cells from IPF patients was associated with an altered B cell phenotype, we measured intracellular BTK protein, surface activation marker CD86, BAFFR, and transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) expression in different B cell subsets (gating strategy in Figure S1F).