TNF and neoplasm: In skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, cytokines and other humoral factors (i.e., Tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1-β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) derived by the tumor, the host immune system or by mesenchymal tissues, trigger an intracellular signaling cascade, which translates into transcriptional changes in the gene-expression programs, eliciting catabolic responses [16,33,35,37,39,40,41].