In addition, EPCs will uncontrollably accumulate and induce massive proliferation of SMCs, and the proliferating SMCs will secrete large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins to cause intimal hyperplasia [51].Therefore, scientists speculate that despite the recipient exhibiting vigorousmobilization of EPCs, the persistent and uncontrolled allogeneic immune response may activate endo-MT and stimulate EPCs to differentiate into SMCs, which finally causes vasculopathy [53,54,55].The TGF-β signaling pathway is closely associated with the induction of fibrosis [45,56]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is vascular disorder.