CCL2 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Moreover, similar players, including CCL2 and CXCL8 were found by Sainz and his colleagues to be upregulated when pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells have been persistently exposed for 14 days to galactose; this process has shifted the cells towards increased OXPHOS activities and was connected to immune-evasion [60].