VDAC1 and Alzheimer disease: In a series of AD-related mice and cell models, VDAC and MCU mediated the mitochondrial uptake of Ca2+ [114,115,116]; the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is critical for Ca2+ export across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) [117,118,119]; and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is critical for the efflux of Ca2+ from neuronal mitochondria [120].