MAPT and Alzheimer disease: Although there is no direct evidence to show the relationship between Ca2+ from mitochondria and lysosomes and the learning ability of AD patients, to the best of our knowledge, VDAC1 is a hub protein that interacts with more than 150 other proteins, including phosphorylated tau, Aβ, and γ-secretase, and it contributes to their toxic effects, triggering cell death and potentially leading to the dementia characteristic of AD [203].