MTOR and fatty liver disease: In vivo studies have shown that pectic bee pollen polysaccharides (homogalacturonan, arabinogalactan, and rhamnogalacturonan I domains) in obese mice significantly improved hepatic steatosis and triglyceride by increasing hepatic autophagy via an adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) mediated signaling pathways and lipase expression [39].