Furthermore, in the cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis group (CYP group), concentrations of several markers were either elevated (BDNF, CGRP, OCT-3, VAChT, IL-1β, IL-6, NGF, nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, Rho kinase, SV2A, SNAP23, SNAP25, PAC-1, ORM1, occluding, and IGFBP-3) or decreased (HB-EGF, T–H protein, Z01, and HPX). Here, HPX is linked to chronic cystitis.