However, the alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) is impaired by hypoxia, hypercapnia, elevated lung vascular pressure, pathogens (e.g., influenza), as well as several cytokines including interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [3]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to influenza.