Finally, a recent study that analyzed several types of breast cancer cell lines demonstrated that even without undergoing EMT after TGF-β or TNF-α exposure, matrigel culture is sufficient to induce a hybrid E/M phenotype, which is dependent on CSF-1/CSF-1R pathway activation, thereby showing that alterations in stiffness can lead to hybrid E/M states. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast cancer.