ATG5 and lung carcinoma: As expected, combined treatment with CVB-D and autophagy inhibitor (CQ or 3-methyladenine, 3-MA) resulted in an alleviation of cytotoxicity in all lung cancer cells (Figure 6A), and a similar result was obtained from ATG5 knockdown cells (Figure 6B), indicating that the activation of mitophagy induced by CVB-D partially reinforces cytotoxicity.