ACE and atrial fibrillation: The proposed models predict SCD in hemodialysis patients [39,40], IHD, HF, or arrhythmias in hemodialysis patients [40]; prognostic proteins associated with HF in CKD [21]; death risk in ESRD patients with congestive HF [22]; HF admissions in individuals with CKD [23]; the safety and efficiency of low-dose angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in CKD patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction [24]; and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in CKD patients without prior AF [25].