NFKB1 and colitis: In acute and chronic murine colitis models, the PRCC-1301 EVs mitigated body weight loss, histological damage, colon shortening, and the reduction of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and IκBα in colon tissue sections, indicating the potent anti-inflammatory effect of PRCC-1301 EVs in inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and improving intestinal barrier function.