Sex differences were also noted for common variants in carnosinase genes on chromosome 18q, CNDP1 and CNDP2 [193], with the 5-leucine repeat (5L-5L) variant of the CNDP1 gene being associated with a reduced prevalence of DKD in T2DM women [194], whereas the rs12604675-A variant in CNDP1 was shown to confer higher susceptibility to overt proteinuria in T2DM women from Japan [195]. This evidence concerns the gene CNDP1 and diabetic kidney disease.