A meta-analysis of 17 studies of Asian populations [36] and a meta-analysis of 12 Asian and European studies [37] found that copper levels were higher during the third trimester in women with preeclampsia, and several studies have reported increased ceruloplasmin during pregnancy, and 96% of serum copper is bound to ceruloplasmin—therefore, increased oxidative stress associated with preeclampsia may result in an increased production of ceruloplasmin (an anti-oxidant) to combat the preeclampsia. This evidence concerns the gene CP and preeclampsia.