In accordance with this finding, Siglec-14 loss due to Siglec-14-null allele homozygosity correlated with a lower risk of COPD exacerbation in a Japanese cohort due to the attenuation of the inflammatory responses to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) [49]. Here, SIGLEC14 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.