AKT1 and neoplasm: Among the pathways that contribute to PDAC initiation, maintenance and tumor progression, various downstream effectors are affected, such as Raf/Mek/Erk, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (Pdk1)/Akt, RalGDS/p38MAPK, Rho and Rac, p120GAP [2,9,10].