IGFBP3 and cancer: In addition, IGFBP3 has shown biological associations with cell growth inhibitors and molecules involved in tumorigenesis such as retinoic acid, retinoid X receptor (RXR), retinoic acid receptor (RAR), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), butyrate (histone deacetylase inhibitor), dietary supplements with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, caveolin-1 and interestingly with the tumor suppressor gene p53 [94,95,96,97,98].