Notably, the findings revealed a downregulation of cytokine expression and production in comparison to the healthy mucosa, in particular of IL-1α and TGF-β1 by both inducers, while IFN-γ was especially affected by AOM administration, with relevant reduction in the left colon mucosa of the carcinogen-treated rats. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is infectious otitis media.