Considering the role of Lcn-2 in RCC pathogenesis, previous studies identified increased amounts of Lcn-2 in both urine and serum of RCC patients [28,29], and the expression of Lcn-2 protein in tumor tissues positively correlated with histological grades in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and papillary RCC (pRCC) patients [30]. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.