GOS/FOS administration increased terminal ileum mRNA expression of the anti-oxidant enzymes SOD-1 [135], SOD-3 [136], glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)-1 [135], GSH-Px-7 [135] and catalase (CAT) [135] in a rat NEC model. This evidence concerns the gene GPX1 and necrotizing enterocolitis.