In a rat NEC model, both Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 4659 reduced intestinal mRNA expression of TLR1, TLR4, IL6, TNFα and NFκβ and protein expression of TNFα, IL1β, TLR4 and phosphorylated Iκβ, while increasing the mRNA expression of IL10 [68]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is necrotizing enterocolitis.