For example, increased concentrations of serum IL-1b, IL-1Ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IFNy and IL-17 have been observed in patients with epilepsy [37,38], as well as increased levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in the cerebrospinal fluid [39]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to epilepsy.