TGFB1 and hydrops fetalis: Importantly, numerous reports have demonstrated that Cav1 antagonizes guardians of HF-IP (through inhibition of TGF-β and α-MSH signaling) [70,71], and upregulates expression of the key inducer of HF-IP collapse, IFNγ, a key pathogenic cytokine in FFA pathobiology [6,7] (Figure 1b).