INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Several studies involving individuals with type 2 diabetes have shown that high doses of a-LA administered orally or intravenously improve glucose utilization, improve insulin sensitivity, lower fasting blood glucose concentrations, insulin concentrations, as well as blood hemoglobin A1c concentrations (hemoglobin A1c represents the average blood glucose over the past three months) [44,45,46,47,48,49].