As a result, they identified a five protein signature comprising GALNTL4, FN, AZGP1, BGN and ECM1 that predicted patients having tumours with a Gleason score <7 or ≥7 with an AUC of 0.788; and a four protein signature comprising ASPN, CTSD, HYOU1 and OLFM4 discriminating between BPH and PCa groups with an AUC of 0.726. This evidence concerns the gene CTSD and benign prostatic hyperplasia.