TGFB1 and asthma: IL-17A has the ability to stimulate TGF-β1, which contributes to abnormal epithelial barrier function, hASM contraction and airway smooth muscle remodeling in asthma and correlates with promoted TH17 activity in secreting proinflammatory cytokines through NF-κB, PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways activation [81].