INS and diabetes mellitus: The presence of pre-diabetes defined by the American Diabetic Association (fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dl (5.6–6.9 mmol/L) or HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4% without any pharmacological support), was correlated with a significantly lower chance for insulin independence at 1 year, 13% vs. 53% in patients with normal glucose control, which has major clinical implications.