Autologous T cells engineered to express a CAR specific for CD19 (CD19 CAR T cells) are highly effective against several types of B-cell malignancies and have recently received FDA approval for use in children and young adults with relapse of chemotherapy refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and for adults with chemotherapy-refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) [75]. This evidence concerns the gene CD19 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.