TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Regarding specific anti-IBD molecular mechanisms, ellagic acid decreased inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and crucial inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and blocked the expression and activation of STAT3 signaling pathways along with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in a decrease in disease severity in both acute and chronic colitis [120,121].