TNF and cancer: In an AOM/DSS model, this treatment ameliorated the effects of cancer by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) and anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL), and upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and pro-apoptotic factors (p53, p21, and Bax).