TNF and colorectal carcinoma: In a CRC model, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was reported to have a pro-apoptotic effect via upregulation of the expression of IL-18; downregulation of the expression of TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-1β; and inactivation of the NF-κB and mTOR signaling pathways via downregulation of the target molecule, which is overactivated in CRC [128].