This may also partly explain why we did not observe a significant contribution of IQGAP1 in the HPV16-associated HNSCC model, but further studies are needed to determine the role of Rac1/Cdc42 in PV-associated tumorigenesis, whether HPV16 and MmuPV1 are involved in the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42, and how IQGAP1 plays a role in these processes. Here, RAC1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.