Among the selected cytokines or chemokines, IL-6, GM-CSF, CXCL1, CCL2, MIP-1α, MIP-2, IFN-α, and M-CSF (which are involved in acute inflammation and B cell maturation) were highly upregulated, although they exhibited transient inhibition at 1 day post-infection (Figure 5B). Here, CXCL1 is linked to infection.