Upregulation of SMOX has also been reported in several diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (e.g., in colitis induced by Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis) [94], gastric inflammation and carcinogenesis that are manifest following infection by Helicobacter pylori [95], prostate carcinogenesis [96], and in chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma [97]. Here, SMOX is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.