DM has been shown to increase cytokines involved in the regulation of innate immunity and the onset of local acute inflammatory response: interleukin 1 (IL-1) [42,45,47], interleukin 6 (IL-6) [42,47] and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) [42,47] both in vitro [42] and in vivo [47]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is diabetes mellitus.