TNF and colorectal carcinoma: Another study also showed that the expression of hepatic cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10) and other factors noted to be involved in the colonization of CRC cells including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2), CCL-7, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 were significantly increased in alcohol-injured liver, and positively correlated with rate and burden of CRC liver metastases [34].