TNF and trigeminal neuralgia: In the present study patients with trigeminal neuralgia showed lower levels of growth factor levels such as Ang-2, bFGF, HGF, SCF, TGF-α, and VEGF and higher cytokine levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, IL-17A, IL-6, and CXCL8 in comparison with normal individuals.