ANP was significantly higher in the paroxysmal AF than in the sinus rhythm group (97 (50–157) mg/dL versus 42 (26–72) mg/dL, p < 0.05) and further increased in the chronic AF group (228 (120–392), p < 0.05 versus paroxysmal AF and sinus rhythm groups). Here, NPPA is linked to Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.