Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) are some of the best characterized kinases within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, and ERK1/2 are activated via phosphorylation (pERK) after the incidence of ischemia/reperfusion injury [83,84] to exercise a protective effect [85,86]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and ischemia.