The mechanism most frequently-proposed to underlie the diabetes–cancer association is insulin resistance, which leads to secondary hyperinsulinemia; furthermore, insulin may exert mitogenic effects through the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor [24,25], and hyperglycemia may worsen carcinogenesis through the induction of oxidative stress [26,27]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Hyperinsulinemia.