The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling axis, composed of two receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR) and their specific ligands (IGF-I and IGF-II), was widely shown to be up-regulated in PCa cells and tissues [185,186,187] and is now considered an effective molecular target for PCa therapy [188,189,190]. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.