Ahearn and coworkers observed that IGF-IR expression positively correlates with tumor stage in human PCa biopsies [191]; a positive correlation was also observed between the expression of IGF-II and the histologic differentiation and pathologic stage, lymph node metastasis and serum PSA (prostate-specific antigen) levels in hormone-treated PCa patients [192]. Here, IGF1R is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.