The modulatory effects of exercise on inflammation both centrally and peripherally have a protective effect on cognitive function and may be beneficial to patients with AD [310,311], as it elevates levels of circulating growth factors (such as insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1) and neurotrophins (such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) [310,312]. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and Alzheimer disease.