MAPK3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: The proto-oncogene, c-Myc, is a transcription factor regulated by tumor growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) and NF-κB in HCC that can be phosphorylated and activated by ERK1/2 in the MAPK signaling pathway, and whose expression is elevated in HCC tissues [138,139,140].