In a novel study examining cytokine profiles in the brains of humans that had intermediate or high probability of resilience to AD pathologies (i.e., presence of significant Aβ and tau lesions but absence of dementia), upregulation of proinflammatory IL-1β and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 in resilient cases delineated differential inflammatory activity compared to AD cases [262]. This evidence concerns the gene IL13 and Alzheimer disease.